Nanobiotechnologies - applications, markets and companies |
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0. Executive Summary 17 1. Basics of Nanobiotechnology ....... 19 Introduction 19 Classification of nanobiotechnologies . 20 Top-down and bottom-up approaches...21 Landmarks in the evolution of nanobiotechnology... 21 Relation of nanobiotechnology to healthcare ........... 22 2. Technologies........... 25 Introduction 25 Micro- and nano-electromechanical systems............ 25 BioMEMS...25 Microarrays and nanoarrays................ 26 Dip Pen Nanolithography for nanoarrays ..26 Protein nanoarrays ...........27 Microfluidics and nanofluidics ............. 28 Nanotechnology on a chip .28 Microfluidic chips for nanoliter volumes .29 Nanogen's NanoChip.........30 Use of nanotechnology in microfluidics..31 Construction of nanofluidic channels 31 Nanoscale flow visualization ...........32 Moving (levitation) of nanofluidic drops with physical forces ......32 Electrochemical nanofluid injection ..32 Nanofluidics on nanopatterned surfaces ................33 Nano-interface in a microfluidic chip 33 Nanofluidic channels for study of DNA.33 Visualization and manipulation on nanoscale........... 34 Atomic force microscopy ...34 Basic AFM operation ....34 Advantages of AFM......34 Force sensing Integrated Readout and Active Tip ...35 Ultra-nanocrystalline diamond .............35 Magnetic resonance force microscopy ...36 Scanning probe microscopy .................36 Near-field scanning optical microscopy..36 Nano-sized light source for single cell endoscopy ........37 Multiple single-molecule fluorescence microscopy........37 Nanoparticle characterization by Halo Ô LM10 technology ...............37Nanoscale scanning electron microscopy ..38 Use of SEM to reconstruct three-dimensional tissue nanostructure 39 Visualizing atoms with scanning electron microscopy ................39 Photoactivated localization microscopy39 Optical Imaging with a Silver Superlens 40 Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer .40 4Pi microscope.................40 Principle and applications of cantilevers 41 Companies that provide microscopes for nanobiotechnology ...........42 Surface plasmon resonance ................ 43 Nanoparticles. 43 Quantum dots44 Gold nanoparticles............45 Silica nanoparticles...........45 Lipoparticles ..45 Assembly of nanoparticles into micelles 46 Biomedical applications of self-assembly of nanoparticles ...............46 Paramagnetic and superparamagnetic nanoparticles....47 Fluorescent nanoparticles..48 Production techniques for nanoparticles 48 Nanostructures ................. 49 Bacterial structures relevant to nanobiotechnology ......49 Bacterial spores ..........49 Nanostructures based on bacterial cell surface layers................49 Bacterial magnetic particles............50 Cubosomes 50 Dendrimers 51 - 4 - Properties 52 Applications................52 DNA-nanoparticle conjugates...............53 DNA octahedron...............53 Potential applications ...53 Fullerenes ..53 Nanoshells .54 Nanotubes.55 Carbon nanotubes .......55 Carbon nanotubes and DNA............56 Applications of nanotubes...............56 Nanobuds..57 Nanowires ..57 Nanostamping .................57 Nanoneedles..58 Nanopores.58 Nanoporous silica aerogel..59 Nanostructured silicon ......60 Networks of gold nanoparticles and bacteriophage ......60 Polymer nanofibers...........60 Protein-nanoparticle combination .........60 Nanomaterials for biolabeling ............. 61 Quantum dots as labels.....62 Silver nanoparticle labels ..63 Silica nanoparticles for labeling antibodies63 SERS nanotags ................63 DNA Nanotags .................64 Fluorescent lanthanide nanorods ..........64 Organic nanoparticles as biolabels........64 Molecular computational identification...65 Companies providing services and products for nanobiotechnology ............... 65 3. Applications in Life Sciences........ 67 Introduction 67 Nanotechnology and biology ............... 67 NanoSystems Biology .......67 Nanobiology and the cell ...68 Measuring mass of single cells ........69 Nanotechnology-based live-cell single molecule assays .............69 Quantum dots for cell labeling ........69 Quantum dots for study of apoptosis ..70 Single cell injection by nanolasers ...70 Nanostructures involved in endocytosis.................70 Study of complex biological systems71 Biosensing of cellular responses ......71 Control of T cell signaling activity ....72 Molecular motors .............72 Nanomotor made of nucleic acids ....74 phi29 DNA packaging nanomotor ....74 Light-activated ion channel molecular machines.....75 Application of AFM for biomolecular imaging ...............75 Future insights into biomolecular processes by AFM76 4Pi microscopy to study DNA double-strand breaks .....76 Multi-isotope imaging mass spectrometry.77 Applications of biomolecular computing in life sciences 77 Molecular electronics ........78 Microbial nanomaterials ....78 Use of bacteria to construct nanomachines ............78 Bacteriophage nanoshells ...............78 Natural nanocomposites....79 Nanotechnology in biological research...79 Nanoparticles for biological research79 Disguising quantum dots as proteins for cell entry..80 Molecular biology and nanotechnology ..81 DNA nanotechnology ...81 Reversibly binding of gold nanospheres to DNA strands.............82 RNA nanotechnology....82 Genetically engineered proteins for nanobiotechnology .............83 Single molecule studies.....83 Optical trapping and single-molecule fluorescence..83 3D single-molecular imaging by coherent X-ray diffraction imaging .................84 - 5 - Studying the molecular mechanisms of enzymes....84 Nanochemistry 84 Nanoscale pH Meter..........85 Application of nanolasers in life sciences................. 85 Nanomanipulation............. 85 Nanomanipulation by combination of AFM and other devices...........86 Surgery on living cells using AFM with nanoneedles.....86 Optoelectronic tweezers....86 Nanomanipulation of single molecule ....87 Fluorescence-force spectroscopy ..........87 Nanomanipulation for study of mechanism of anticancer drugs .......88 Nanotechnology in genomic research . 88 Use of nanotechnology for separation of DNA fragments ................88 Nanotechnology-based DNA sequencing88 Single-molecule detection of DNA hybridization...........89 Role of nanobiotechnology in identifying single nucleotide polymorphisms.............89 Nanobiotechnology for study of mitochondria.......... 90 Nanomaterials for the study of mitochondria...............90 Study of mitochondria with nanolaser spectroscopy.....90 Role of nanotechnology in proteomics research....... 91 Study of proteins by atomic force microscopy .............91 Single cell nanoprobe for studying gene expression of individual cells .91 Nanoproteomics...............91 Multi Photon Detection.92 Nanoflow liquid chromatography .....92 High-field asymmetric waveform ion mobility mass spectrometry ..92 Protein nanocrystallography ...........93 QD-protein bioconjugate nanoassembly ................93 Nanoproteomics for study of misfolded proteins .....93 Dynamic reassembly of peptides .....94 Use of nanotube electronic biosensor in proteomics 94 Nanometer photomasks from bacterial protein.......94 Proteomics at single molecule level ......95 Study of protein synthesis and single-molecule processes .........95 Protein expression in individual cells at the single molecule level96 Single-molecule mass spectrometry using a nanopore ..............96 Biochips for nanoscale proteomics ........97 Protein biochips based on fluorescence planar wave guide technology..............97 Nanofilter array chip ....97 Role of nanotechnology in study of membrane proteins98 Nanoparticles for study of membrane proteins .......98 Study of single protein interaction with cell membrane .............98 Quantum dots to label cell surface proteins ...........98 Study of single membrane proteins at subnanometer resolution.99 Nanoparticle-protein interactions..........99 Protein engineering on nanoscale .........99 Nanowires for protein engineering ...99 A nanoscale mechanism for protein engineering... 100 Role of nanoparticles in self-assembly of proteins. 100 Role of nanotechnology in peptide engineering..... 100 Manipulating redox systems for nanotechnology. ...... 101 Self-assembling peptide scaffold technology for 3-D cell culture.... 101 Nanobiotechnology and ion channels 102 Aquaporin water channels ................. 102 Role of nanobiotechnology in engineering ion channels ................ 103 Application of nanobiotechnology in molecular electronics...... 104 Nanotechnology and bioinformatics.. 104 3D nano-map of synapse 105 Companies providing nanotechnology for life sciences research. 105 4. Nanomolecular Diagnostics ....... 107 Introduction. 107 Nanodiagnostics.............. 107 Rationale of nanotechnology for molecular diagnostics................. 108 Nanoarrays for molecular diagnostics.. 109 NanoPro™ System.......... 109 Nanofluidic/nanoarray devices to detect a single molecule of DNA . 109 Self-assembling protein nanoarrays.... 110 Fullerene photodetectors for chemiluminescence detection on microfluidic chip.... 110 Protein microarray for detection of molecules with nanoparticles ... 110 Protein nanobiochip ........ 111 - 6 - Nanoparticles for molecular diagnostics ................ 111 Gold nanoparticles.......... 111 Quantum dots for molecular diagnostics. 112 Quantum dots for detection of pathogenic microorganisms ...... 113 Bioconjugated QDs for multiplexed profiling of biomarkers ...... 113 Imaging of living tissue with quantum dots.......... 113 Magnetic nanoparticles ... 114 Magnetic nanoparticles for bioscreening .............. 114 Superparamagnetic nanoparticles for cell tracking 114 Monitoring of implanted NSCs labeled with nanoparticles......... 115 Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles to track therapeutic cells in vivo 115 Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for calcium sensing . 115 Magnetic nanoparticles for labeling molecules ...... 115 Ferrofluids ................ 116 Super conducting quantum interference device .... 116 Study of living cells by superparamagnetic nanoparticles......... 116 Use of nanocrystals in immunohistochemistry........... 117 Imaging applications of nanoparticles . 117 Gadonanotubes for MRI ............... 117 Gold nanorods and nanoparticles as imaging agents ............... 118 In vivo imaging using nanoparticles.. 118 Manganese oxide nanoparticles as contrast agent for brain MRI .. 118 Nanoparticles vs microparticles for cellular imaging ................ 119 Nanoparticles as contrast agent for MRI .............. 119 Quantum dots for biological imaging. 119 Superparamagnetic nanoparticles combined with MRI............. 120 Study of chromosomes by atomic force microscopy................. 121 Applications of nanopore technology for molecular diagnostics.. 121 DNA-protein and -nanoparticle conjugates ............ 122 Resonance Light Scattering technology ................. 123 DNA nanomachines for molecular diagnostics........ 123 Nanobarcodes technology................. 124 Nanobarcode particle technology for SNP genotyping. 124 Qdot nanobarcode for multiplexed gene expression profiling......... 124 Biobarcode assay for proteins ............ 125 Single-molecule barcoding system for DNA analysis... 126 Nanoparticle-based colorimetric DNA detection method .......... 127 SNP genotyping with gold nanoparticle probes .......... 127 Nanoparticle-based Up-converting Phosphor Technology ........ 128 Surface-Enhanced Resonant Raman Spectroscopy. 128 Near-infrared (NIR)-emissive polymersomes ........ 129 Nanobiotechnology for detection of proteins ......... 129 Captamers with proximity extension assay for proteins................ 129 Nanobiosensors .............. 129 Cantilevers as biosensors for molecular diagnostics ... 130 Advantages of cantilever technology for molecular recognition. 131 Antibody-coated nanocantilevers for detection of microorganisms ................. 131 Cantilevers for direct detection of active genes .... 132 Portable nanocantilever system for diagnosis....... 132 Carbon nanotube biosensors.............. 132 Carbon nanotube sensors coated with ssDNA and electronic readout ............. 133 Carbon nanotubes sensors wrapped with DNA and optical detection .............. 133 FRET-based DNA nanosensor............. 133 Ion Channel Switch biosensor technology ................. 134 Electronic nanobiosensors ................. 134 Electrochemical nanobiosensor........... 135 Quartz nanobalance biosensor ........... 135 Viral nanosensor ............ 135 PEBBLE nanosensors ...... 136 Nanosensors for glucose monitoring ... 136 Microneedle-mounted biosensor......... 137 Optical biosensors .......... 137 Laser nanosensors..... 137 Nanoshell biosensors . 138 Plasmonics and SERS nanoprobes . 138 Novel optical mRNA biosensor....... 138 Optonanogen biosensor ............... 139 Surface plasmon resonance technology............... 140 Surface Enhanced Micro-optical Fluidic Systems... 140 Nanowire biosensors....... 141 Nanowire biosensors for detection of single viruses ................ 141 - 7 - Nanowires for detection of genetic disorders........ 142 Nanowires biosensor for detecting biowarfare agents.............. 142 Concluding remarks and future prospects of nanowire biosensors 142 Nanoscale erasable biodetectors ........ 143 Future issues in the development of nanobiosensors.. 143 Applications of nanodiagnostics........ 144 Nanotechnology for detection of biomarkers ............. 144 Nanotechnology for genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphisms . 145 Nanoparticles for detecting SNPs... 145 Nanopores for detecting SNPs....... 145 Nanobiotechnologies for single molecule detection .... 146 Protease-activated quantum dot probes . 147 Labeling of MSCs with QDs ................ 147 Nanotechnology for detection of cancer.. 147 QDs for cancer diagnosis.............. 148 Dendrimers for sensing cancer cell apoptosis ....... 148 Nanoparticles designed for dual-mode imaging of cancer......... 149 Gold nanoparticles for cancer diagnosis............... 149 Gold nanorods for detection of metastatic tumor cells ............. 150 Nanoatomic tubes for detection of cancer proteins 150 Nanodots for tracking apoptosis in cancer ........... 151 Nanoparticles for the optical imaging of tumors.... 151 Nanolaser spectroscopy for detection of |
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