Animal Biotechnology - Technologies, Markets and Companies |
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0. Executive Summary ...... 12 1. Introduction to Animal Biotechnology .............. 14 Introduction......... 14 Historical evolution of animal biotechnology .............. 14 Basics of biotechnology........... 15 DNA .15 RNA.15 Genes................16 Single nucleotide polymorphisms ...............16 Gene expression ..16 Gene regulation ...17 Proteins ..............17 Functions of proteins .........18 Monoclonal antibodies.............18 Animal genetics .... 19 Molecular genetics19 Twinning in cattle.19 Pig genetics.........19 Genetic studies in dogs ...........19 Animal genomics... 20 The mouse genome ................20 The dog genome ..20 The cat genome ...22 Marsupial genomes.................22 Genomes of non-human primates ..............22 Chimpanzee genome .........22 Genome of the rhesus macaque............23 Livestock genomics ................23 Bovine genome .................24 Bovine SNP map ...............24 Pig genome ....25 Horse genomics ................25 Sheep genome26 Chicken genome ..26 Priority genome list of the National Human Genome Research Institute.................27 Applications of animal genomics.................27 Genomics of disease resistance.............28 Statistical genomics to improve breeding .................28 Animal proteomics 28 Applications of proteomics in animals .........29 Caseins in goat milk ..........29 Lactic acid bacteria............29 Applications of proteomics in animal healthcare ........30 Bioinformatics...... 30 Application of nanobiotechnology for animal health ... 31 Recombinant protein manufacture............ 31 Animal biotechnology in relation to other technologies ................ 32 2. Application of Biotechnology in Animals........... 34 Introduction......... 34 Genetic engineering ................ 34 Livestock improvement by genetic engineering ..............34 Disease control by genetic engineering .......34 Limitations and precautions for genetic engineering........35 Transgenic animal technology. 35 Cloning animals ...36 Nuclear transfer technology36 Nuclear bisection for cloning .................38 Zona-free cloning method ..38 Abnormalities in cloned animals ............39 Cloning from embyonic cells .................40 Cloning of rabbits ..............40 Cloning the rat41 Cloning the horse ..............41 Cloning the cow ................41 Cloning the dog.................42 - 4 - Cloning in primates ...........42 Retrovector-mediated production of transgenic animals ..42 Episomal vector-mediated gene delivery .....43 Sperm-mediated gene transfer 43 Lentiviral transduction of male germ-line stem cells .......44 Lentiviral transgenesis ............45 Transgenic pharmaceuticals.... 45 Proteins from the milk of transgenic animals .................45 Advantages of milk as source of transgenic proteins .......46 Therapeutic proteins from rabbit milk ....47 Recombinant human antibodies from cows ...............48 Therapeutic proteins from goat milk ......48 Chicken transgenesis for the production of biopharmaceuticals ..........49 Concluding remarks about production of recombinant proteins in animals .............49 Companies involved in production of transgenic pharmaceuticals .......49 Transgenic food products........ 50 Milking genetically modified cows ...............50 Transgenic fish ....50 Cloned animals as sources of milk and meat51 Animal feeds from transgenic plants......... 51 Transgenic modification of plants to increase nutritional value of animal feeds.......52 Transgenic disease models ..... 52 Technologies to create transgenic disease models ..........52 Gene manipulation techniques ..............52 Embryonic stem cells for gene targeting.53 Homologous recombination 53 Animal models of human diseases .........54 Transgenic models for studying human drug metabolism and toxicity .54 The Human Genome Project and the role of transgenics..55 Genomic and proteomic analyses of transgenic animal models...........55 Concern about health and welfare of transgenic animals .56 Safety of transgenic technology .................56 Concluding remarks about use of transgenic animals ......57 RNA interference technology .. 57 RNAi versus antisense ............57 Applications of RNAi in animal biotechnology .................57 Xenotransplantation ............... 58 Pigs for xenotransplantation ....58 Genetically engineered pigs for transplants...............59 Risks of xenotransplantation.................59 World Health Organization and xenotransplantation........60 Companies involved in xenotransplantation .60 Ethical aspects of animal biotechnology.... 61 3. A Biotechnology Perspective of Animals Diseases .............. 62 Introduction......... 62 Infections in animals .............. 62 Viral infections.....63 Avian influenza .................63 Animal surveillance of influenza ............65 Animal corona viruses and human SARS 66 Avian coronavirus..............66 Canine parvovirus .............67 Classical swine fever..........67 Developing new treatments against FMDV ................67 Equine infectious anemia....68 Foot-and-mouth disease ....69 Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus .70 Rinderpest......71 Bacterial infections .................71 Bovine tuberculosis ...........71 Mycoplasmal pneumonia .........71 Protozoal infections ................72 Neosporosis....72 Toxoplasmosis 72 Coccidiosis .....72 Nematodes..........73 Infections that cross the species barrier ......73 Complications of bacterial infections and antibiotic use in animals ......73 Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) ... 74 Scrapie ...............74 - 5 - Bovine spongiform encephalopathy ............74 Epidemiology of BSE..........75 Human health implications of BSE .........76 Breeding animals protected against BSE 76 TSE research .......76 Prion gene haplotyping ......76 Pharmacological approaches to TSE research............77 Molecular diagnostic approach to TSE research .........77 RNAi for knockdown of the bovine prion gene ...........77 Chronic wasting disease.......... 78 Chronic wasting disease in wildlife .........78 Chronic wasting disease of the cattle in Sudan..........79 Chronic wasting in dairy cows in the Netherlands ......79 Genetic disorders in farm animals............. 80 Diseases of pet animals .......... 80 Canine Anemia.....80 Heart failure in dogs ...............81 Cancer in cats and dogs ..........81 Cancer clinical trials in dogs81 Canine Comparative Oncology Genomics Consortium.82 Preventive veterinary medicine ................ 82 Prevention of introduction of foreign animal diseases......83 Producing transgenic cattle resistant to BSE 83 Zoonotic diseases.. 83 Collaborative management of animal and human health .84 4. Molecular Diagnostics in Animals ... 86 Introduction......... 86 Nucleic acid technologies........ 86 The polymerase chain reaction.86 Basic Principles of PCR .......86 Target selection ................87 Detection of amplified DNA.87 Real-time PCR systems ......87 LightCycler PCR system......88 Molecular beacons.............88 Applications of PCR in veterinary medicine ...............88 Fluorescent in situ hybridization .................89 Immunodiagnostics ................ 91 Enzyme-linked immunoassays .91 Bovine Gamma Interferon Test 91 Antigen diagnosis of trichinosis 92 Parachek™ for the diagnosis of Johne's disease .............92 Antibodies for differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals .................93 Biochip/microarray technology................. 93 Applications of microarrays in animal biotechnology .......94 Cattlearray3800 for functional genomics 94 eSensor™ electrochemical biochip .........95 Biosensors ............ 95 Immunosensors ...96 Biosensor for ovulation prediction in dairy cows ........96 Flow cytometry for animal diagnostics...... 97 Molecular imaging in animals.. 97 Applications of molecular diagnostics in animals ........ 98 Canine DNA testing ................98 Diagnostic aids to selective breeding ..........98 Selection of desirable traits 98 Using genetic markers for improved milk production in dairy cattle99 Application of bovine genomics for improving milk yield ...............99 Recognition of hereditary syndromes ... 100 Genetic markers in animals ... 100 SNP genotyping in animals ................. 100 SNP genotyping for selective breeding of chicken .... 101 Animal identity and parentage analysis ..... 101 Animal species identification in food ......... 102 Diagnosis of infections .......... 102 Bacterial infections .......... 102 Diagnosis of viral infections ................ 102 Molecular diagnosis of avian influenza.. 104 Diagnosis of parasitic infections .......... 105 Detection of natural or bioterror threats to livestock 106 - 6 - Molecular diagnosis of prion diseases........ 106 Bovine spongiform encephalopathy...... 106 Testing for BSE in living animals ......... 108 Prions in urine ................ 108 Diagnosis of chronic wasting disease in wildlife ....... 109 Developing new tests for prion diseases.... 109 Differentiation among various types of TSEs ........... 109 Protein cyclic amplification ................. 109 Antibody tests for prion diseases......... 110 Scrapie genotyping.......... 110 A real-time ultrasonic method for prion protein detection ........... 111 Companies involved in developing molecular diagnostics for TSEs .... 111 Diagnosis of genetic disorders 112 Genetic screening of companion animals ................ 112 Preimplantation genetic diagnosis........ 112 Diagnosis of cancer in animals ................. 112 Diagnosis of food-borne pathogens......... 113 Introduction ...... 113 Molecular diagnostic methods used in food-borne infections ............ 113 Limitations of use of molecular probes in food analysis . 114 Companies with technologies for food pathogen detection ............... 114 Detection of chemicals in foods of animal origin ....... 115 5. Biotechnology-based Veterinary Medicine ...... 118 Introduction....... 118 Biotechnology versus pharmaceutical products ........ 118 Role of biotechnology in drug discovery and development.......... 119 Cost of veterinary vs. human drug discovery and development ........ 119 Advantages and disadvantages of testing biotech products in animal models ....... 120 Biotechnolgoy-based antiparasitic drugs.... 120 Non-antibiotic strategies for control of infections in animals...... 120 Probiotics .......... 121 Potential role for probiotics in the human gut.......... 121 Potential role for probiotics in animals.. 121 Probiotic bacteria for control of pathogens in cattle.. 121 Nonantibiotic drugs for infections in animals ................ 122 Immunomodulation as an alternative to antibiotics in infections .. 123 Cathelicidins: effector molecules of mammalian innate immunity 123 Bacteriophage therapy for antibiotic resistance ....... 123 Biotechnology for treating tendon injuries................ 124 Use of growth factors to facilitate tendon injuries ......... 124 Productivity enhancers ......... 124 Bovine somatotropin for increasing milk production in dairy cows..... 125 Use of growth factors............ 126 Transgenic plant products for use in animals............ 126 Biotechnology-based vaccines ................ 126 Modern vaccines without viral non-structural proteins... 127 Vaccines for tick control ........ 127 Plant-derived vaccines for use in animals .. 127 Genetically engineered vaccines............... 128 Application of nucleic acid vaccines in veterinary medicine ......... 129 DNA vaccines 129 Genetic engineering of live rabies vaccines ............. 130 DNA vaccine for tuberculosis............... 131 Potential for genetically engineered vaccines for Johne's disease. 131 DNA vaccines for West Nile encephalitis ................. 131 Genetically engineered vaccines for equine encephalitis ............. 132 Vaccines against avian influenza ......... 133 Vaccines against parasitic infections .... 134 Recombinant marker vaccines ................. 134 Marker vaccines for foot-and-mouth disease........... 134 Marker vaccine for Newcastle disease .. 135 Vaccines for classical swine fever ........ 135 Using RNAi to develop vaccines for viral infections in prawns ...... 136 Nano-bead vaccine adjuvant.. 136 Companies developing biotechnology-based vaccines ... 136 Biotechnology in treatment of parasitic infections .... 137 Biotechnology in the treatment of CNS injuries in pet animals.... 137 Paraplegia due to acute spinal cord injury in dogs ........ 137 RNAi for suppression prions in livestock . 138 Cell Therapy........ 138 - 7 - Umbilical cord blood stem cells ................ 139 Application of stem cells in veterinary medicine ........... 139 Use of stem cells to repair tendon injuries in horses 139 Stem cells for spinal cord injury in dogs ................. 140 Gene therapy ...... 140 Gene therapy vectors ...... 140 Gene therapy by mitochondrial transfer ................. 141 In utero gene therapy...... 141 Applications of gene therapy in veterinary medicine ..... 142 Gene therapy for mucopolysaccharidosis VII in dogs 142 Gene therapy to increase disease resistance........... 142 Gene therapy for infections ................ 143 Gene therapy for hematological disorders............... 143 Gene therapy for endocrine disorders .. 144 Gene therapy for arthritis. 144 Cancer gene therapy ............ 144 Brain tumors in cats and dogs............. 144 Breast cancer in dogs ...... 145 Canine hemangiosarcoma 146 Canine melanoma ........... 146 Canine soft tissue sarcoma................. 147 Melanoma in horses......... 147 6. Research in Animal Biotechnology 148 Introduction....... 148 Research institutes ............... 148 | |