Chemokines chemotactic cytokines CXCR CXCL - Biotech, Pharma and Life Science Channel
Chemokines, or chemotactic cytokines, and their receptors have been discovered as essential and selective mediators in leukocyte migration to inflammatory sites and to secondary lymphoid organs. Besides their functions in the immune system, they also play a critical role in tumor initiation, promotion and progression. There are four subgroups of chemokines. The CXC or alpha subgroup is one of the four and can be further subdivided in the ELR(+) and ELR(-) chemokines. Members that contain the ELR motif bind to CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) and are angiogenic. In contrast, most of the CXC chemokines without ELR motif bind to CXCR3 and are angiostatic. An exception is the angiogenic ELR(-)CXC chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL12/SDF-1), which binds to CXCR4 and CXCR7 and is implicated in tumor metastasis.
The CXC receptors and their ligands are promising targets for drug development. The first approved and marketed drug is plerixafor (AMD3100), a small molecule inhibitor of the CXCR-4/SDF-1 axis, used for stem cell mobilization. CXCR1 and CXC chemokine receptor 2 (CXCR2) are believed to be crucially involved in the direct migration and activation of leukocytes. Their ligands are supposed to play a key role in several inflammatory diseases and this makes them and their receptors attractive therapeutic targets for inflammatory diseases such as COPD, asthma, psoriasis, ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Companies
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Clinical Trials
Treatment with growth hormone (GH; a hormone made by the body that stimulates growth) has been shown to be helpful in treating children with chronic kidney disease who fail to grow. The a...
Prediction of Acute Rejection in Renal Transplant
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Feasibility of Treatment of Cancer Involving the Liver With High Dose Radiation
A study is being conducted by the University of Rochester Cancer Center (URCC) in which patients with liver cancer will be treated with high dose conformal radiation therapy. This type of...
The exact mechanism of the pathogenesis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy is still unknown. Histopathologically, extraocular muscle inflammation and orbital fat inflammation are two prominent ch...
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PubMed Articles
IFNβ autocrine feedback is required to sustain TLR induced production of MCP-1 in macrophages.
Chemokines, including MCP-1, are crucial to mounting an effective immune response due to their ability to recruit other immune cells. We show that sustained LPS or poly(I:C)-stimulated MCP-1 productio...
Chemotactic behavior of catalytic motors in microfluidic channels.
Chemotaxis in practice: Two different artificial catalytic micromotors (tubular and spherical, see scheme) show chemotactic behavior in microfluidic channels demonstrating that catalytic micromotors c...
In total hip arthroplasty, wear particles generated at articulating surfaces and interfaces between bone, cement and implants have a negative impact on osteoblasts, leading to osteolysis and implant l...
Pediatric tuberculosis (TB) often goes undiagnosed because of the lack of reliable diagnostic methods. With the aim of assessing biomarker(s) that can aid in the diagnosis of TB infection and disease,...
Current developments in early diagnosis of acute kidney injury.
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Targeting inflammasomes in rheumatic diseases.
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Opposite modulation of cell migration by distinct subregions of urokinase connecting Peptide.
Functional analysis of isolated protein domains may uncover cryptic activities otherwise missed. The serine protease urokinase (uPA) has a clear-cut motogen activity that is catalytically independent...
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Medical and Biotech [MESH] Definitions
Leukocyte Rolling
Movement of tethered, spherical LEUKOCYTES along the endothelial surface of the microvasculature. The tethering and rolling involves interaction with SELECTINS and other adhesion molecules in both the ENDOTHELIUM and leukocyte. The rolling leukocyte then becomes activated by CHEMOKINES, flattens out, and firmly adheres to the endothelial surface in preparation for transmigration through the interendothelial cell junction. (From Abbas, Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 3rd ed)
Calgranulin A
A 10.8-kDa member of the S-100 family of calcium-binding proteins that can form homo- or heterocomplexes with CALGRANULIN B and a variety of other proteins. The calgranulin A/B heterodimer is known as LEUKOCYTE L1 ANTIGEN COMPLEX. Calgranulin A is found in many cell types including GRANULOCYTES; KERATINOCYTES; and myelomonocytes, and has been shown to act as a chemotactic substance for NEUTROPHILS. Because it is present in acute inflammation but absent in chronic inflammation, it is a useful biological marker for a number of pathological conditions.
Receptors, Cannabinoid
A class of G-protein-coupled receptors that are specific for CANNABINOIDS such as those derived from CANNABIS. They also bind a structurally distinct class of endogenous factors referred to as ENDOCANNABINOIDS. The receptor class may play a role in modulating the release of signaling molecules such as NEUROTRANSMITTERS and CYTOKINES.
Receptor, Cannabinoid, Cb2
A subclass of cannabinoid receptor found primarily on immune cells where it may play a role modulating release of CYTOKINES.
Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase 8
A c-jun amino-terminal kinase that is activated by environmental stress and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Several isoforms of the protein with molecular sizes of 43 and 48 KD exist due to multiple ALTERNATIVE SPLICING.
