Adenoviridae

Adenoviruses are medium-sized , nonenveloped icosahedral viruses containing double-stranded DNA. There are over 51 different serotypes in humans, which are responsible for 5–10% of upper respiratory infections in children, and many infections in adults as well. Viruses of the family Adenoviridae infect various species of animals, including humans. Adenoviruses were first isolated in human adenoids , from which the name is derived, and are classified as group I under the Baltimore classification scheme. Adenoviruses represent the largest nonenveloped viruses, because they are the maximum size able to be transported through the endosome . The virion also has a unique "spike" or fibre associated with each penton base of the capsid that aids in attachment to the host cell via the coxsackie-adenovirus receptor on the surface of the host cell. There are 51 immunologically distinct human adenovirus serotypes that can cause human infections ranging from respiratory disease , and conjunctivitis , to gastroenteritis . Adenoviruses are unusually stable to chemical or physical agents and adverse pH conditions, allowing for prolonged survival outside of the body and water. Adenoviruses are primarily spread via respiratory droplets, however they can also be spread by fecal routes as well.Most infections with adenovirus result in infections of the upper respiratory tract. Adenovirus infections often show up as conjunctivitis, tonsilitis , an ear infection, or croup. Adenoviruses can also cause gastroenteritis . A combination of conjunctivitis and tonsilitis is particularly common with adenovirus infections. Some children can develop adenovirus bronchiolitis or pneumonia, both of which can be severe. In babies, adenoviruses can also cause coughing fits that look almost exactly like whooping cough. Adenoviruses can also cause viral meningitis or encephalitis. Rarely, adenovirus can cause cystitis .Most people recover from adenovirus infections by themselves, but people with immunodeficiency sometimes die of adenovirus infections, and—rarely—even previously healthy people can die of these infections.Adenoviruses are often transmitted by coughed-out droplets, but can also be transmitted by contact with an infected person, or by virus particles left on objects such as towels and faucet handles. Some people with adenovirus gastroenteritis may shed the virus in their stools for months after getting over the symptoms. The virus can be passed from one person to another through some sexual practices, and through water in swimming pools that do not have enough chlorine in them. As with many other illnesses, good handwashing is one way to lessen the spread of adenoviruses from one person to another. Heat and bleach will kill adenoviruses on objects. As with all viruses, there are no antibiotics that help with an adenoviral infection, so treatment is largely directed at the symptoms . A doctor may give antibiotic eyedrops for conjunctivitis, since it takes a while to test to see if the eye infection is bacterial or viral and to help prevent secondary bacterial infections. In the past, US military recruits were vaccinated against two serotypes of adenotypes, with a corresponding decrease in illnesses caused by those serotypes. The vaccine is no longer manufactured, and there are currently no vaccines available to protect against the adenovirus. Good hygiene, including handwashing, is still the best way to avoid picking up the adenovirus from an infected person. (From the Wikpedia article Adenoviridae.)

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Recent Publications on Adenoviridae:
Mineralized tissue formation by BMP2-transfected pulp stem cells. Previously, in vitro differentiation of odontoblasts was shown for dental...	30th October, 2009	Key Lab for Oral Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education and	J Dent Res. 2009 Nov;88(11):1020-5. DOI Direct Link
Ca/calmodulin kinase II differentially modulates potassium currents. BACKGROUND: Potassium currents contribute to action potential duration...	30th October, 2009	Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Georg-August-University	Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2009 Jun;2(3):285-94. Epub 2009 Apr 17. DOI Direct Link
Gene transfer of inducible nitric oxide synthase affords cardioprotection by upregulating heme oxygenase-1 via a nuclear factor-{kappa}B-dependent pathway. BACKGROUND: Although inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) is known to...	30th October, 2009	Division of Cardiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292,	Circulation. 2009 Sep 29;120(13):1222-30. Epub 2009 Sep 14. DOI Direct Link
RNA interference inhibitors of hepatitis B virus. Previously, we showed that short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) targeting hepatitis...	23rd October, 2009	Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa School of Medicine,	Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2009 Sep;1175:15-23. DOI Direct Link
[Usefulness of flocked swabs for sample collection of adenovirus] There has been growing concern over human exposure to adenoviruses through...	23rd October, 2009	Infectious Disease Surveillance Center, National Institute of Infectious	Kansenshogaku Zasshi. 2009 Jul;83(4):398-400.
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Adenoviridae Clinical Trials:
Safety, Toxicity and Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) of One Intravenous IV Injection of Donor Cytotoxic T-Lymphocytes (CTLs) Specific for Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Adenovirus

Adenoviridae Patents:
US Patent No.	Title
7511051	Cidofovir peptide conjugates as prodrugs
7550296	Generation of replication competent viruses for therapeutic use
7553816	p-amidobenzylethers in drug delivery agents
7560278	Methods to culture circovirus
7563589	Reconstituted histone methyltransferase complex and methods of identifying modulators thereof
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