Habenula

In neuroanatomy, habenula originally denoted the stalk of the pineal gland , but gradually came to refer to a neighboring group of nerve cells with which the pineal gland was believed to be associated, the habenular nucleus. Currently, the Terminologia Anatomica term refers exclusively to this separate cell mass in the caudal and dorsal aspect of the dorsal thalamus, the epithalamus, embedded in the posterior end of the medullary stria from which it receives most of its afferent fibers. By way of the retroflex fasciculus it projects to the interpeduncular nucleus and other paramedian cell groups of the midbrain tegmentum. Despite its proximity to the pineal stalk, no connecting tissue is known to exist.The habenula is involved in receiving input from the brain via the stria medullaris thalami and output to many midbrain areas involved in releasing personality-related neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin The habenula is the only nucleus of the epithalamus. (From the Wikpedia article Habenula.)

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Recent Publications on Habenula:
The lateral habenula: no longer neglected. The gastric H+-K+-ATPase pumps H+ into the lumen and takes up K+ in...	24th June, 2008	Behavioral Neuroscience Branch, Intramural Research Program, National	CNS Spectr. 2008 Jun;13(6):484-9.
Differential tonic influence of lateral habenula on prefrontal cortex and nucleus accumbens dopamine release. Conditions of increased cognitive or emotional demand activate dopamine...	12th June, 2008	Center for Neuroscience, A210 Langley Hall, University of Pittsburgh,	Eur J Neurosci. 2008 Apr;27(7):1755-62. DOI Direct Link
Involvement of the lateral habenula in the regulation of generalized anxiety- and panic-related defensive responses in rats. Recently obtained evidence points to the involvement of the lateral...	3rd June, 2008	Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo,	Life Sci. 2008 Jun 18;82(25-26):1256-61. Epub 2008 May 1. DOI Direct Link
P2X receptors and synaptic plasticity. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is released in many synapses in the CNS...	23rd May, 2008	The University of Warwick, Department of Biological Sciences, Gibbet Hill	Neuroscience. 2008 Apr 23;. DOI Direct Link
Lateral habenula lesions improve the behavioral response in depressed rats via increasing the serotonin level in dorsal raphe nucleus. The dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN)-serotonin (5-HT) system plays a key role in...	20th May, 2008	Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin	Behav Brain Res. 2008 Mar 17;188(1):84-90. Epub 2007 Nov 1. DOI Direct Link
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Habenula Patents:
US Patent No.	Title
6455754	GENOMIC DNA FRAGMENTS CONTAINING REGULATORY AND CODING SEQUENCES FOR THE .beta.2-SUBUNIT OF THE NEURONAL NICOTINIC ACETYLCHOLINE RECEPTOR AND TRANSGENIC ANIMALS MADE USING THESE FRAGMENTS OR MUTATED FRAGMENTS
6777236	Process for producing a neuronal host cell in vitro comprising regulatory sequences of the .beta.2-subunit of the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor
6780871	Methods and compositions for treating addiction disorders
6790656	DNA encoding galanin GALR2 receptors
6818391	Glutamate transporters
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