β(2) - adrenoceptor agonists: current and future direction.

Summary

Despite the passionate debate over the use of Î²(2) -adrenoceptor (Î²(2) -AR) agonists in the treatment of airway disorders, these agents are still central in the symptomatic management of asthma and COPD. A variety of Î²(2) -AR agonists with long half-lives, also called ultra long-acting Î²(2) -AR agonists (ultra-LABAs; indacaterol, olodaterol, vilanterol, carmoterol, LAS100977, and PF-610355) are currently under development with the hopes of achieving once-daily dosing. It is likely that the once-daily dosing of a bronchodilator would be a significant convenience and probably a compliance-enhancing advantage, leading to improved overall clinical outcomes. As combination therapy with an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and a LABA is considered the first-line approach for treating patients suffering from asthma, and a combination with an inhaled long-acting antimuscarinic agent (LAMA) is important for patients whose conditions are not sufficiently controlled by monotherapy with a Î²(2) -AR agonist, some novel once-daily combinations of LABAs and ICSs or LAMAs are under development.

Affiliation

Unit of Respiratory Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome, Italy, and Unit of Pharmacology, Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.

Journal Details

Name: British journal of pharmacology
ISSN: 1476-5381
Pages:

MESH Definitions

Iontophoresis

Therapeutic introduction of ions of soluble salts into tissues by means of electric current. In medical literature it is commonly used to indicate the process of increasing the penetration of drugs into surface tissues by the application of electric current. It has nothing to do with ION EXCHANGE; AIR IONIZATION nor PHONOPHORESIS, none of which requires current.

Electric Stimulation Therapy

Application of electric current in treatment without the generation of perceptible heat. It includes electric stimulation of nerves or muscles, passage of current into the body, or use of interrupted current of low intensity to raise the threshold of the skin to pain.

Catheter Ablation

Removal of tissue with electrical current delivered via electrodes positioned at the distal end of a catheter. Energy sources are commonly direct current (DC-shock) or alternating current at radiofrequencies (usually 750 kHz). The technique is used most often to ablate the AV junction and/or accessory pathways in order to interrupt AV conduction and produce AV block in the treatment of various tachyarrhythmias.

Levobunolol

A nonselective beta-adrenoceptor antagonist used in the treatment of glaucoma.

Idazoxan

An alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist. It has been used experimentally to test the binding activity of other chemicals.

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