NMDA Receptor Antibody Encephalitis.
Summary of "NMDA Receptor Antibody Encephalitis."
N-methyl-
D:
-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antibody encephalitis is a recently described immunotherapy-responsive panencephalitis with characteristic features that include a psychiatric onset and a later movement disorder. This entity was first described as a paraneoplastic phenomenon in young women with ovarian teratomata. However, more recently it has become clear that the majority of patients, particularly children, do not harbor a tumor and that males can also be affected. With the development of the NMDAR antibody assay, now available worldwide, a few patients with classical limbic encephalitis and early psychosis and epilepsy have also been found to harbor these antibodies. Early diagnosis followed by immunotherapies and tumor removal, when relevant, expedite recovery from the condition. Antibody levels correlate with the clinical severity of the disease in individual patients, and the antibodies have been shown to substantially reduce NMDA receptors on hippocampal neurons both in vitro and in vivo, supporting the likely direct pathogenicity of the NMDAR antibodies.
Affiliation
Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Level 6, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK, saroshirani@doctors.net.uk.
Journal Details
This article was published in the following journal.
Name: Current neurology and neuroscience reports
ISSN: 1534-6293
Pages:
Links
- PubMed Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21331529
- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11910-011-0186-y
Medical and Biotech [MESH] Definitions
N-methylaspartate
An amino acid that, as the D-isomer, is the defining agonist for the NMDA receptor subtype of glutamate receptors (RECEPTORS, NMDA).
Dizocilpine Maleate
A potent noncompetitive antagonist of the NMDA receptor (RECEPTORS, N-METHYL-D-ASPARTATE) used mainly as a research tool. The drug has been considered for the wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions or disorders in which NMDA receptors may play an important role. Its use has been primarily limited to animal and tissue experiments because of its psychotropic effects.
Encephalitis Viruses, Japanese
A subgroup of the genus FLAVIVIRUS which comprises a number of viral species that are the etiologic agents of human encephalitis in many different geographical regions. These include Japanese encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, JAPANESE), St. Louis encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, ST. LOUIS), Murray Valley encephalitis virus (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUS, MURRAY VALLEY), and WEST NILE VIRUS.
Encephalitis Virus, Murray Valley
A species of FLAVIVIRUS, one of the Japanese encephalitis virus group (ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, JAPANESE), found in Australia and New Guinea. It causes a fulminating viremia resembling Japanese encephalitis (ENCEPHALITIS, JAPANESE).
Encephalitis, Tick-borne
Encephalitis caused by neurotropic viruses that are transmitted via the bite of TICKS. In Europe, the diseases are caused by ENCEPHALITIS VIRUSES, TICK-BORNE, which give rise to Russian spring-summer encephalitis, central European encephalitis, louping ill encephalitis, and related disorders. Powassan encephalitis occurs in North America and Russia and is caused by the Powassan virus. ASEPTIC MENINGITIS and rarely encephalitis may complicate COLORADO TICK FEVER which is endemic to mountainous regions of the western United States. (From Joynt, Clinical Neurology, 1996, Ch26, pp14-5)
PubMed Articles
Brain immunohistopathological study in a patient with anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
Background and purpose: Anti-N-methyl-d-asparate (NMDA) receptor encephalitis is thought to be antibody-mediated. To perform an immunohistopathological study of the inflammatory reaction in a brain bi...
Anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis was initially described as a paraneoplastic disorder in young women with ovarian teratoma. We report on a 3-year-old boy who developed anti-NMDA-receptor encephalitis o...
Analysis of relapses in anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
The clinical characteristics of patients with relapsing anti-NMDA receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis are not well-defined. In this study, we report the clinical profile and outcome of relapses in a series...
INTRODUCTION. The clinical diagnosis of encephalitis due to anti-glutamate receptor N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) antibodies (anti-NMDA encephalitis) is made more complex by the fact that psychiatric cl...
Retrospective analysis of NMDA receptor antibodies in encephalitis of unknown origin.
BACKGROUND: Anti-NMDA-receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is a severe disorder that occurs in association with antibodies to the NR1 subunit of the NMDAR and results in a characteristic syndrome. OBJECTIVE:...
Clinical Trials
Biomarker Study of Acamprosate in Schizophrenia
NMDA receptors are brain receptors that are stimulated by glutamate. Poorly functioning NMDA receptors are thought to be involved in the pathology of schizophrenia. This hypothesis is ba...
Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Memantine as Adjunctive Treatment in Schizophrenia Patients
Standard antipsychotic drug regimens do not fully address the impact of cognitive symptoms associated with schizophrenia. The NMDA receptor has been connected to the pathophysiology of sc...
The Safety and Efficacy of Neramexane in Patients With Moderate to Severe Alzheimer's Disease
Memory loss and difficulties with thinking associated with Alzheimer's disease may be due to chronic release of a brain chemical called glutamate. Glutamate helps transmit messages between...
Comparison of Three Commercial Batches of the Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine IC51
The objective is to demonstrate equivalence of three commercial IC51 batches in terms of geometric mean titers for anti-JEV neutralizing antibody
Comparison of Three Batches of the Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine IC51
The objective is to demonstrate equivalence of three IC51 batches in terms of Geometric Mean Titers for anti-JEV neutralizing antibody.
