Sex steroids and cervical cancer.
Summary of "Sex steroids and cervical cancer."
During the 19th century, studies indicated that reproductive events were involved in cervical cancer. Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a prerequisite for development of cancer, but co-factors, among them the action of sexual steroid hormones, are necessary. Childbirth has been an important risk factor but now probably plays a minor role in the industrialized world, where parity is low. Long-term oral contraceptive use has been thoroughly studied epidemiologically, and correlates to cervical cancer in most studies. In vitro studies on cervical cell lines transfected with HPV and animal studies indicate that sex steroid hormones are capable to induce cancer. In in vivo cervical cancer tissue studies there have been observations that endogenous progesterone in serum correlates to a negative pattern of expression of cellular and extracellular proteins, tumor markers. Immune response could be another mechanism. Estradiol might be associated with a positive pattern and high estradiol and low progesterone levels increase duration of survival in cervical cancer. Studies where treatment of compounds that influence sex steroid hormones have been given are rare and have been disappointing.
Affiliation
Center of Clinical Research, Nissers väg 3, 79182 Falun, Sweden. dan.hellberg@ltdalarna.se.
Journal Details
This article was published in the following journal.
Name: Anticancer research
ISSN: 1791-7530
Pages: 3045-54
Links
- PubMed Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22843872
- DOI: http://dx.doi.org/
Medical and Biotech [MESH] Definitions
Cervical Plexus
A network of nerve fibers originating in the upper four cervical spinal cord segments. The cervical plexus distributes cutaneous nerves to parts of the neck, shoulders, and back of the head, and motor fibers to muscles of the cervical spinal column, infrahyoid muscles, and the diaphragm.
Cervical Length Measurement
A parameter usually used in PRENATAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY to measure the length of the uterine neck (CERVIX UTERI). Cervical length or its shortening is used to identify and prevent early cervical opening and PRETERM BIRTH.
Head And Neck Neoplasms
Soft tissue tumors or cancer arising from the mucosal surfaces of the LIP; oral cavity; PHARYNX; LARYNX; and cervical esophagus. Other sites included are the NOSE and PARANASAL SINUSES; SALIVARY GLANDS; THYROID GLAND and PARATHYROID GLANDS; and MELANOMA and non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck. (from Holland et al., Cancer Medicine, 4th ed, p1651)
Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
Tumors or cancer of the UTERINE CERVIX.
Steroids, Brominated
Steroids which are substituted with one or more bromine atoms in any position.
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Very few screenings of any kind will be possible during a woman's lifetime in most low-resource regions, where 80% of the half-million global cases of cervical cancer occur every year. Alt...
