PubMed Journal Database | Current infectious disease reports - Page: 2 
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Showing PubMed Articles 26–50 of 84 from Current infectious disease reports
Hand hygiene (HH) is an important measure in infection prevention to decrease transmission of microbial pathogens; however, HH compliance by health-care workers (HCWs) remains suboptimal. One of the principal recommendations of current guidelines is that waterless, alcohol-based hand rubs are the preferred method for HH in most situations, due to the superior efficacy of these agents in rapidly reducing bacterial counts on hands and their ease of use. Improving HH compliance is a good quality indicator for...
Rabies has the highest case fatality of any infectious disease. Pathobiological and clinical insights have questioned the assertion that death is inevitable after onset of acute encephalomyelitis. Relying upon national laboratory-based surveillance, we reviewed records of human rabies acquired in the United States during 1960-2009. Changes in the epidemiology of human rabies were notable, due to improved animal management, safer and more efficacious biologics, and revisions in prevention guidelines. Histori...
CMV Retinopathy in the Antiretroviral Therapy Era: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Management.
Before the advent of antiretroviral therapy (ART), CMV retinitis was a common, debilitating opportunistic infection in the HIV-infected population. ART has had such a favorable impact on the prevention and management of CMV retinitis that it can be considered in some ways to be CMV therapy. Currently available CMV directed antiviral therapies are quite successful at limiting vision loss, but in resource limited settings there is still significant morbidity associated with the disease. This review summarizes...
Use of Corticosteroids and Other Adjunct Therapies for Acute Bacterial Meningitis in Adults.
Acute bacterial meningitis is associated with high morbidity and mortality despite the availability of effective antibiotics. The inflammatory response induced by bacterial products in the subarachnoid space is responsible for neuronal injury. The use of adjuvant therapy in acute bacterial meningitis draws its rationale from the notion of arresting the inflammatory cascade at an early stage of the disease to improve clinical outcome. Corticosteroids have been studied extensively in these patients and seems...
Global Trends in Infective Endocarditis Epidemiology.
The global epidemiology of infective endocarditis is becoming better understood with the initiation of multi-center collaborative studies and with an increasing number of case series being reported from countries outside North America and Europe. However, there are still many knowledge gaps and a lack of population-based data. For endocarditis in developed countries, the role of rheumatic heart disease as a predisposing factor is diminishing; the population is increasingly elderly, staphylococci are becomin...
Viral Infections of the Lower Respiratory Tract.
Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs) are a global burden to public health and are frequently caused by respiratory viruses. Advances in molecular diagnostic techniques have allowed the identification of previously undetected viral pathogens and have improved our understanding of respiratory virus infections. Here we review the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of recently identified viruses including human metapneumovirus, human coronaviruses NL63 and HKU1, human rhinovirus C, bocavirus, WU...
Relation Between Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Antibiotics.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) constitutes a major health problem. Recurrent acute exacerbations are characteristic of the course of COPD (AECOPD) associated with significant healthcare costs and contribute to the progress of the disease. Given that almost half of AECOPD is caused by bacteria, administration of antibacterial agents is recommended for patients with severe exacerbations or severe underlying COPD. Optimal antibiotic selection for exacerbations has therefore incorporated quantifyi...
Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a rare, but significant cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). A number of virulence determinants have been implicated in the development of severe community MRSA pneumonia, characterized by multilobar cavitating necrosis in patients without usual risk-factors for pneumonia. Optimal management is uncertain, and is extrapolated from anecdotal experiences with small case series, randomized studies of hospital-acquired pneumonia,...
Elimination Therapy for the Endemic Malarias.
Most malaria diagnosed outside endemic zones occurs in patients experiencing the consequences of what was likely a single infectious bite by an anopheline mosquito. A single species of parasite is nearly always involved and expert opinion on malaria chemotherapy uniformly prescribes species- and stage-specific treatments. However the vast majority of people experiencing malaria, those resident in endemic zones, do so repeatedly and very often with the involvement of two or more species and stages of parasit...
Are Fluoroquinolones Superior Antibiotics for the Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia?
Various guidelines for the antibiotic treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) are presented that include fluoroquinolone antibiotics. The efficacy of current fluoroquinolone antibiotics in the treatment of CAP is summarized. Healthcare resource utilization and shortened duration of clinical symptoms have been shown in some, but not all of CAP trials utilizing fluoroquinolone antibiotics. Although evidence for both the clinical and microbiological efficacy of fluoroquinolone antibiotics is abundant,...
The Role of Procalcitonin in Respiratory Infections.
Accurate diagnosis, risk stratification, and decisions about the need for and optimal duration of antibiotic therapy are cornerstones of the management of patients with respiratory infections. A growing body of evidence supports the use of procalcitonin, a marker of bacterial infection, in addition to conventional clinical parameters to improve diagnostic and prognostic assessment in patients with suspicion of respiratory infections. In addition, several randomized controlled trials indicate that procalcito...
Imported Strongyloidiasis: Epidemiology, Presentations, and Treatment.
Strongyloidiasis is extremely more frequent in immigrants than in travellers. Clinical presentations do not differ significantly between the two groups, and the most frequent picture is a chronic infection characterized by intermittent, mild, non-specific symptoms. Acute presentation is rare but it has been reported in travellers. Screening of asymptomatic subjects is not generally recommended, while a presumptive treatment with ivermectin might be justified for all travellers and immigrant patients present...
Herpes Diagnostic Tests and Their Use.
Genital Herpes is common, causes a broad spectrum of clinical disease, and enhances susceptibility to other sexually transmitted infections, including HIV. Accurate diagnosis of Herpes Simplex Virus infection is important in surveillance, diagnosis and management, screening, and quality assurance. We have reviewed currently available herpes diagnostics and their appropriate use.
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Current Concepts of Diagnosis and Management.
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), one of the most common infections in non-pregnant women of reproductive age, remains an important public health problem. It is associated with major long-term sequelae, including tubal factor infertility, ectopic pregnancy, and chronic pelvic pain. In addition, treatment of acute PID and its complications incurs substantial health care costs. Prevention of these long-term sequelae is dependent upon clinicians having a high index of suspicion in order to make an early diagn...
Diagnosis and Management of Necrotizing Fasciitis of the Head and Neck.
Necrotizing fasciitis is a rapidly progressing and life-threatening soft tissue infection that often affects the abdominal wall, perineum, or extremities following surgery or trauma. It predominantly occurs in elderly and immunocompromised patients. It is rarely seen in the head and neck region. Necrotizing fasciitis of the head and neck carries high rates of morbidity and mortality. Symptoms usually develop quickly and well-timed diagnosis is critical to optimizing outcome. Diagnosis is based on a combinat...
Influenza Virus Resistance to Neuraminidase Inhibitors: Implications for Treatment.
Oseltamivir and Zanamivir are the two main Neuraminidase inhibitors used for the treatment of Influenza. Oseltamivir resistance has been identified in non-pandemic influenza viruses, as well as H1N1 pandemic Influenza A viruses. Resistance is associated with increased morbidity, and poorer outcomes in severely immunocompromised hosts. Newer neuraminidase inhibitors, increased vaccination and combination therapy may be alternatives for the treatment of Influenza in this setting.
Key Concepts in the Early Immunology of HIV-1 Infection.
Though HIV-1 is a sexually transmitted infection, the gut associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) that houses about 60% of the body's total immune cells is unequivocally the earliest and most important target of HIV-1. In this review we summarize recent data regarding the early events in HIV-1 pathogenesis, with special emphasis on pathogenic effects on the GALT.
Kidney Disease in HIV-Infected Persons.
Kidney disease is more prevalent among persons living with HIV, and may arise from a combination of comorbidities, co-infections, and medication-associated toxicities. Additional effects of HIV-1 viral replication, immunodeficiency and genetic factors also contribute to kidney disease. As is true in the general population, persons of African descent exhibit a disproportionate risk for severe kidney disease. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) modifies the natural history of HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), and...
Cholera: Lessons from Haiti and Beyond.
Cholera is an acute, severe diarrheal disease caused by Vibrio cholerae that affects millions of people each year. Without prompt rehydration, death can occur within hours of the onset of symptoms. In October 2010, cholera emerged in Haiti, and the resulting large epidemic continues today. As of August 29, 2011, more than 439,000 cases have been reported in Haiti, with over 6,200 deaths. This review covers important features of epidemiology, pathogenesis, treatment and prevention of cholera, with a focus on...
Roles of Zinc in the Pathophysiology of Acute Diarrhea.
Zinc has caught wide scientific attention for the conceptual promise it has to offer for prevention, control and treatment of acute diarrhea. This review focuses on the mechanisms by which zinc might contribute to the pathogenesis of acute diarrhea and the degree of success achieved in diarrhea control and treatment by zinc supplementation. Animal and in vitro studies have continued to fascinate the scientific fraternity and form a solid basis for the potential use of zinc supplementation against diarrhea....
HIV in Africa: Challenges and Directions for the Next Decade.
Africa carries a disproportionate burden of the global HIV endemic, accounting for two thirds of the global 33.3 million people living with HIV. While tremendous advances have been made in addressing the HIV epidemic in Africa, considerable challenges remain. Testing for HIV increased by 86% from 2007 to 2009 but more than 75% of people 15-49 years remain unaware of their HIV status. CD4 count at diagnosis tends to be low and linkage to care and treatment is suboptimal. The scale-up of antiretroviral thera...
The Role of Innate Immunity in the Host Defense Against Intestinal Bacterial Pathogens.
Eradication of infectious disease is our global health challenge. After encountering intestinal infection with a bacterial pathogen, the host defense program is initiated by local antigen-presenting cells (APCs) that eliminate invading pathogens by phagocytosis and establish localized inflammation by secreting cytokines and chemokines. These pathogen-experienced APCs migrate to the mesenteric lymph nodes, where host immune responses are precisely orchestrated. Initiation and regulation of this defense progr...
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection of the gastrointestinal tract is the most common manifestation of tissue-invasive CMV disease, and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the solid organ transplantation (SOT) recipient. In addition to the direct effects of the infection, its indirect effects on allograft function, risk for other opportunistic infections, and mortality are significant in this population. The most common clinical syndromes are esophagitis, colitis, and hepatitis; however, infecti...
Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Anal Cancer.
Rare in the general population, anal cancer has reached epidemic proportions among HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM). These cancers are human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated, usually HPV type16, and are analogous to cervical cancer. At present, the rates of anal cancer in this group are 10-fold higher than that of cervical cancer occurring in women in the general population. Although there are no national guidelines for screening for anal intraepithelial dysplasia (AIN), many large HIV clinics ar...
Advances in antiretroviral therapy have turned HIV into a chronic, manageable disease. Patients often require treatment for co-morbid conditions as well as HIV, and consequently, pharmacokinetic interactions between antiretrovirals (ARVs) and other drug classes are an increasing concern. Protease inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors are involved in the CYP450 or other transporter systems, and may be associated with higher risk of clinically significant drug interactions. One revers...
