PubMed Journal Database | Archives of physiology and biochemistry 
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Showing PubMed Articles 1–25 of 34 from Archives of physiology and biochemistry
Incretin hormones and beta-cell mass expansion: what we know and what is missing?
Abstract Pancreatic beta-cell mass expands through beta-cell proliferation and neogenesis while it decreases mainly via apoptosis. The loss of balance between beta-cell death and regeneration leads to a reduction of beta-cell functional mass, thus contributing to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The pathogenetic mechanisms causing T2DM are complex, and also include a significant reduction of the incretin effect. A better understanding of the role of incretin hormones in glucose homeostas...
Abstract Context: Small cell lung cancers (SCLC) are heterogeneous and tumours differ in growth characteristics and treatment resistance. Objective: To get insight into the underlying protein profiles responsible for this heterogeneity, two subtypes of SCLC cells mutually differing in chemo resistance properties and growth characteristics are analysed. Materials and methods: Two different electrophoresis approaches in combination with mass spectrometry were used to detect differences between the SCLC cell l...
Prednisolone induces the Wnt signalling pathway in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.
Abstract Synthetic glucocorticoids are potent anti-inflammatory drugs but show dose-dependent metabolic side effects such as the development of insulin resistance and obesity. The precise mechanisms involved in these glucocorticoid-induced side effects, and especially the participation of adipose tissue in this are not completely understood. We used a combination of transcriptomics, antibody arrays and bioinformatics approaches to characterize prednisolone-induced alterations in gene expression and adipokin...
Abstract Follistatin-like protein 1 (Fstl1) is a secreted glycoprotein of the follistatin family. Fstl1 is secreted by C2C12 cells, and Akt1 over-expression in skeletal muscle leads to its induction in muscle and increased circulating levels. So far, secretion of Fstl1 by human myotubes and the effect of exercise on its circulating levels have not been investigated. Here, we examined both the regulation of Fstl1 expression and secretion in primary human skeletal muscle cells and the effect of acute exercise...
Objectives: To assess the relationship of homocysteine, hs-CRP, with known cardiovascular risk factors of the metabolic syndrome. Method: Cross sectional study comprised 182 diabetic outpatients (70 males and 112 females), attending endocrinology clinics in Trinidad. Results: Both male and females showed significant linear relationships between high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), blood pressure and diabetes (r = -0.2 < R or R > 0.2). In females hs-CRP showed significant linear relationship with HDL,...
Effect of carnosine on erythrocyte deformability in diabetic rats.
It is known that oxidative stress plays an important role in the chronic complications of diabetes. Lipid peroxidation is one of the consequences of oxidative stress. Erythrocyte deformability abilities are reduced as a result of lipid peroxidation. Conversely, a decrease nitric oxide (NO) production seems to be responsible in endothelial dysfunction which occurs in diabetic vascular complications. Carnosine is a molecule with anti-oxidant properties. The aim of this study was to investigate erythrocyte def...
The specific and direct contribution of the stress-activated serine kinase c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in the development of oxidative stress-induced insulin resistance of the glucose transport system in mammalian skeletal muscle is not fully understood. We assessed the specific role of JNK in the development of insulin resistance caused by in vitro exposure of rat soleus muscle to low levels (30-40 µM) of the oxidant hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) for up to 6 h. Oxidant exposure caused significant (p
Patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) suffer, in addition to reproductive disturbances, from symptoms of the metabolic syndrome like insulin resistance, elevated coronary risk and visceral obesity. Genes with confirmed associations to the metabolic syndrome are also candidate genes for a relationship to metabolic parameters of the PCOS syndrome. The study presented indicates that genetic variants of the transcription factors LXRα or PPARγ and the PON-1 or the IGF-2 cluster are associated with alt...
Effects of some anti-neoplastic drugs on sheep liver sorbitol dehydrogenase.
Stress is an important factor for many diseases in living metabolisms. The mini pathway named as polyol is a critical junction for stress factors. This pathway has two enzymes: aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH). It is linked with some diseases such as diabetes mellitus and some cancer types. In particular, SDH is very sensitive and unstable in in vitro conditions. In this study, SDH was purified by using simple and rapid chromatographic methods such as DEAE-Sephadex and CM-Sephadex C-50...
Functional annotation of the human fat cell secretome.
Context: Recent secretome analyses suggest that human fat cells secrete hundreds of proteins (adipokines). Objective: We made an overall analysis of their potential functional importance. Materials and methods: A secretome of 347 adipokines was evaluated by in silico analysis of their expression during adipocyte differentiation, regulation by obesity and adipose region. The gene expression in human adipose tissue was investigated in microarray studies using samples from different adipose depots from lean or...
Metabolic diseases reach epidemic proportions. A better knowledge of the associated alterations in the metabolic pathways in the liver is necessary. These studies need in vitro human cell models. Several human hepatoma models are used, but the response of many metabolic pathways to physiological stimuli is often lost. Here, we characterize two human hepatocyte cell lines, IHH and HepaRG, by analysing the expression and regulation of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism. Our results show that the g...
Background: Atherogenic index of plasma, a newly emerging lipid parameter, has been employed only in a few studies in diabetics and not at all in non-diabetics. Methods: Association between fasting serum glucose and lipid parameters in 321 non-diabetic males aged 30 to 60 years was studied retrospectively. Glucose and lipid parameters were measured on fully automated analyser using standard reagent kits. Body mass index was also ascertained. Results: On comparing the various lipid parameters between normo-g...
Influence of fatty acids on mitochondrial metabolism of adipocyte progenitors and endothelial cells.
Context: In obesity, the cells are exposed to excessive amounts of nutrients, especially free fatty acids (FFAs) that induce a variety of metabolic changes. Objective: We investigated the effect of FFAs on the mitochondrial function in different cell populations under stress conditions. Methods: Human adipose tissue progenitor cells (SVF) or endothelial cells (HUVECs) were incubated with 30μM of selected saturated or unsaturated FFA for 24 h, at times supplemented with 5ng/mL tumour necrosis factor alpha (...
Platelet-mediated vascular dysfunction during acute lung injury.
Context: Platelets have significant roles in initiating and mediating reduced alveolar blood flow, microvascular leak, and ventilation/perfusion mismatch caused by metabolic changes and altered signal transduction caused by ischemia-reperfusion. Objective: This review focuses on platelet mechanisms of vascular dysfunction in the lung and presents a hypothesis for interplay between platelet activation, endothelial damage and fibrinogen. The purpose is to discuss current knowledge regarding mechanisms of plat...
The diabetic phenotype is complex, requiring elucidation of key initiating defects. Recent research has shown that diabetic myotubes express a primary reduced tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle flux. A reduced TCA cycle flux has also been shown both in insulin resistant offspring of T2D patients and exercising T2D patients in vivo. This review will discuss the latest advances in the understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating the TCA cycle with focus on possible underlying mechanism which could explain...
Is HbA1c a risk factor for type 2 diabetic subjects without macro and micro vascular complications?
Objective: Our study attempted to evaluate the diagnostic value of HbA1c in predicting diabetic dyslipidemia and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Methods: Study comprised 229 subjects (156 males and 73 females) with diabetic dyslipidemia without any micro and macro vascular disorders. Fasting blood samples were taken to analyse biochemical parameters like HbA1c, sugar and lipid profile. Results: The HbA1c levels did not differ much between males (6.96 ± 1.11) and females (7.01 ± 1.19). HbA1c dem...
The perilipin proteins enclose intracellular lipid droplets. We describe the mRNA expression of the five perilipins in human skeletal muscle in relation to fatty acid supply, exercise and energy balance. We observed that all perilipins were expressed in skeletal muscle biopsies with the highest mRNA levels of perilipin 2, 4 and 5. Cultured myotubes predominantly expressed perilipin 2 and 3. In vitro, incubation of myotubes with fatty acids enhanced mRNA expression of perilipin 1, 2 and 4. In vivo, low fat d...
Elevated adenosine deaminase activity in overweightand obese Indian subjects.
Objective: To determine adenosine deaminase activity in overweight and obese Indian subjects. Methods: This study comprised of 100 subjects. The body mass index (BMI) of subjects was calculated and adenosine deaminase activity was determined in their fasting blood sample. The study was divided into three groups depending upon BMI: Control (n = 40, BMI < 25 kg/m(2)), Overweight (n = 30, BMI 25-29.9 kg/m(2)) and Obese (n = 30, BMI ≥ 30 kg/m(2)). Results: The serum adenosine deaminase activ...
Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the role of M-band component on serum protein electrophoresis and bone marrow biopsy in the diagnosis. Methods: Data was collected on 34 patients with MM diagnosed and/or treated. Results: There were equal numbers of men 17 (50%) and women 17 (50%). All patients were first screened for the presence of M-Band using serum protein electrophoresis (SPE) followed by bone marrow biopsy as the confirmatory test. Only two patients screened negative by SPE. On t...
The atypical antipsychotic drug olanzapine induces weight gain and defects in glucose metabolism in patients. Using a rat model we investigated the effects of acute and long term olanzapine treatment on weight gain, food preference and glucose metabolism. Olanzapine treated rats fed a chow diet grew more slowly than vehicle controls but olanzapine treated animals fed a high fat/sugar diet grew faster than control animals on the same diet. These changes in weight were paralleled by changes in fat mass. Olanz...
Toll-like receptors, inflammation, metabolism and obesity.
Obesity is a highly prevalent health problem in Western countries that leads to many important diseases such as type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome being now considered an inflammatory chronic disease. Adipocytes are no longer considered passive cells storing fat since they are major producers of inflammatory cytokines during obesity. Adipocytes and macrophages share many biological properties including the synthesis of similar molecules regulating inflammation. Fatty acid levels are elevated in obesity...
A new paradigm for the understanding of obesity: the role of stem cells.
Obesity is a pandemic disorder that can be defined as a chronic excess of adipose tissue that increases the risk of suffering chronic diseases such as, diabetes, arterial hypertension, stroke and some forms of cancer. We now know that adipose tissue, aside from being an energy store, is also an important endocrine and metabolic organ. Recently, new mechanisms that control obesity have been identified, such as the equilibrium between white and brown adipose tissue, the localization of adipose mass (visceral...
p66Shc, a multifaceted protein linking Erk signalling, glucose metabolism, and oxidative stress.
p66Shc, a 66 kDa proto-oncogene Src collagen homologue (Shc) adaptor protein, is classically known as a signalling protein implicated in receptor tyrosine kinase signal transduction. The p66Shc isoform exerts a physiologically relevant, inhibitory signalling effect on the Erk pathway in skeletal muscle myoblasts, which is necessary for actin cytoskeleton polymerization and normal glucose transport responses. More recently, p66Shc has been also identified as a sensor of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis a...
Parameters of oxidative stress, DNA damage and DNA repair in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Objectives: (i) to determine the extent of oxidative stress and DNA damage and repair using a panel of selected markers in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T1DM, T2DM), (ii) to find their possible relationships with diabetes compensation and duration, and finally (iii) to test for the effect of functional polymorphisms in the 8-oxoguanin DNA glycosylase (rs1052133), catalase (rs1001179) and superoxide dismutase (rs4880) genes on respective intermediate phenotypes. Methods: A total of 207 s...
