PubMed Journal Database | Ecotoxicology (London, England) 
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Showing PubMed Articles 1–25 of 304 from Ecotoxicology (London, England)
Population genetics of Lymnaea stagnalis experimentally exposed to cocktails of pesticides.
Freshwater invertebrates may be regularly exposed to pesticides in agricultural landscapes, as water bodies such as ditches and ponds are the final recipient of many chemicals, through various transfer pathways. Local evolutionary impacts may hence be expected on populations, especially for species with a completely aquatic life cycle. We tested the hypothesis that exposure to combinations of pesticides used in crop protection programmes could increase the effect of random genetic drift in a non-target spec...
The assessment of toxic effects at biologically and ecologically relevant scales is an important challenge in ecosystem protection. Indeed, stressors may impact populations at much longer term than the usual timescale of toxicity tests. It is therefore important to study the evolutionary response of a population under chronic stress. We performed a 16-generation study to assess the evolution of two populations of the ubiquitous nematode Caenorhabditis elegans in control conditions or exposed to 1.1 mM of u...
We present a novel framework for estimating site-specific effects of pollutants on natural populations. Our method is based on fitness optimization and uses observed differences in tolerance (sensitivity) to a particular pollutant between populations at contaminated and uncontaminated sites (i.e., target and reference populations). In addition, the method uses laboratory estimates of the fitness cost of tolerance, that is, the reduction of population growth rate (fitness) of a target population compared to...
Parental effects are non-genotypic influences on offspring phenotype that occur via parental phenotypes or environments, while developmental plasticity is phenotypic variation that arises during development in response to environmental cues. We evaluated the relative contribution of these two sources of phenotypic variation on offspring toxicant tolerance in Physa pomilia snails exposed to cadmium. We exposed adult snails to 0, 2, or 20 μg/L cadmium for 7 days, then exposed egg masses collected from thes...
Synthetic pyrethroids are classified as moderately toxic to mammals and birds; nevertheless, they are highly toxic to non-target aquatic organisms such as fish and zooplankters. Chemical pollutants produce different effects in exposed organisms, ranging from biochemical to population responses. Cladocerans can modify the energy content of their offspring according to the surrounding medium as a way to improve their odds in case they have to cope with stressful conditions at birth. In this study, the effect...
Laboratory ecotoxicity tests and biomonitoring in aquatic systems are currently based on the active component of invertebrate communities. Even though dormant egg banks are crucial for the long term survival and community dynamics of many aquatic organisms, the effects of anthropogenic activities on dormant egg bank dynamics have rarely been studied. In this study we investigated the effects of two pesticides with a different mode of action (carbaryl and fenoxycarb) on hatching of Daphnia magna dormant eggs...
The present study investigated the effect of salicylic acid (SA) on toxic symptoms, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species generation and responses of antioxidative and glyoxalase systems in rice seedlings grown hydroponically under copper (Cu) stress for 48 h. Exposures of 75 and 150 μM Cu(2+) caused toxicity symptoms (chlorosis, necrosis and rolling in leaves), sharp increases in malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) contents and lipoxygenase (LOX) activity with concomitant reductions of...
The effects of exogenous thiocyanate (SCN(-)) on amino acids composition, content of mineral nutrients and antioxidative systems in plants were investigated. Young rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L. cv. XZX 45) were grown in nutrient solutions amended with potassium thiocyanate (KSCN). Activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in plant materials were analyzed in vivo. Mineral nutrients and free amino acids in rice seedlings were also measured to...
Comparing the sensitivity of geographically distinct Lemna minor populations to atrazine.
The objectives of this study were to compare the sensitivities of field populations and a laboratory culture of a duckweed species (Lemna minor) to the herbicide atrazine using three different endpoints and to determine whether sensitivity to atrazine was affected by past exposure to the herbicide. L. minor cultures were purchased commercially or collected from field sites within an agricultural watershed and exposed to atrazine for 7 days under greenhouse conditions. Populations differed significantly in...
The objective of this study was to identify and evaluate conserved biomarkers that could be used in most species of teleost fish at most life-stages. We investigated the effects of sublethal methylmercury (MeHg) exposure on developing rainbow trout and zebrafish. Juvenile rainbow trout and young adult zebrafish were fed food with MeHg added at 0, 0.5, 5, and 50 ppm. Atomic absorption spectrometry was applied to measure whole body total Hg levels, and pathologic analysis was performed to identify MeHg-induc...
Novel methods that predict the sensitivity of avian embryos to the toxic effects of dioxin-like compounds (DLCs) using either (1) knowledge of the identity of amino acids at key sites within the ligand binding domain of aryl hydrocarbon receptor 1 (AHR1) or (2) a luciferase reporter gene assay that measures AHR1 activation were recently reported. Results from both methods predict that European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) and domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) embryos have similar sensitivity to the...
Behavioral bioassays with the model freshwater cladoceran Daphnia magna have the potential to serve as nontraditional but sensitive endpoints of sublethal stress. However, few studies have examined the comparative sensitivity of neonate phototaxis perturbations to standardized endpoints commonly employed in chronic toxicity testing protocols. Even less understood are the consequences of prenatal exposure on neonate phototactic behavior. Here, we tested the hypothesis that D. magna neonate phototaxis is a mo...
In this study, an attempt was made to identify an effective phosphate solubilizing bacteria from pesticide polluted field soil. Based on the formation of solubilization halo on Pikovskaya's agar, six isolates were selected and screened for pesticide tolerance and phosphate (P) solubilization ability through liquid assay. The results showed that only one strain (SGRAJ09) obtained from Achillea clavennae was found to tolerate maximum level of the pesticides tested and it was phylogenetically identified as Pse...
Despite many estuaries having high levels of metal pollution, species are found to persist in these stressful environments. Populations of estuarine invertebrates exposed to toxic concentrations of such metals may be under selection. However, in species with a wide-dispersal potential, any short-term results of localized selection may be counteracted by external recruitment from populations not under selection. The barnacle Amphibalanus variegatus is found in nearshore coastal environments as well as shelte...
Since the 'omics revolution', the assessment of toxic chemical mixtures has incorporated approaches where phenotypic endpoints are connected to a mechanistic understanding of toxicity. In this study we determined the effect of binary mixtures of cadmium and phenanthrene on the reproduction of Folsomia candida and investigated the cellular mechanisms underlying this response. Mixture toxicity modeling showed an antagonistic deviation from concentration addition for reproduction effects of the mixtures. Subse...
Transgenerational effects of stressors can have important implications for offspring fitness and the responses of offspring to future stressful conditions. Parental effects, a common type of transgenerational effect, are non-genetic influences on offspring phenotype that result from parental phenotypes or environments. Little is known, however, about how parental exposure to a stressor effects offspring responses to other stressors despite this type of multi-stressor scenario being common. To better underst...
There is still controversy whether adverse effects by genotoxic anthropogenic pollutants are linked to the decline of fish populations. Further investigations into the relationship between genotoxic stress and detrimental effects on development and reproduction in fish are required. For this end, zebrafish (F0 generation) were exposed in vivo to the alkylating model genotoxin methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) from fertilization to the age of 1 year. F0 fish were mated over 6 months to check for reproductive c...
Pollution from xenoestrogens has been discovered in the aquatic environment of the Greater Pittsburgh Area and is suspected to be caused by the failing sewer system. Personal care products and plasticizers have the potential to enter the water supply though treated and untreated sewage. Many of these compounds are suspected xenoestrogens. Paraben detection in surface waters was as follows: methyl paraben ranged between 2.2 to 17.3 ppt; ethyl paraben was not detectable; propyl paraben was detected at 9.2 an...
Amphipod crustaceans have been widely used as invertebrate models in ecotoxicology due to their importance in the food chain. However, few studies have evaluated the genotoxic effects of pollutants in this model using the comet assay. The main obstacle to using amphipods in the comet assay is the difficulty in obtaining enough blood cells from a single individual. In this study, we evaluated the genotoxic effects of the water-soluble fraction (WSF) of heavy oil on the brackish/freshwater amphipod Quadrivisi...
Aluminum toxicity is a major constraint to crop production in acid soils. The present study was undertaken to examine the comparative ameliorating effects of salicylic acid, Ca and Mg on Al toxicity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings grown in hydroponics. Al treatment (0.5 mM AlCl3) caused decrease in plant vigour, loss of root plasma membrane integrity, increased contents of O 2 (∙-) , H2O2, lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyls and decline in the level of protein thiol. Al treatment caused significant...
A toxicokinetic model for thiamethoxam in rats: implications for higher-tier risk assessment.
Risk assessment for mammals is currently based on external exposure measurements, but effects of toxicants are better correlated with the systemically available dose than with the external administered dose. So for risk assessment of pesticides, toxicokinetics should be interpreted in the context of potential exposure in the field taking account of the timescale of exposure and individual patterns of feeding. Internal concentration is the net result of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADM...
Individual-based models (IBMs) predict how dynamics at higher levels of biological organization emerge from individual-level processes. This makes them a particularly useful tool for ecotoxicology, where the effects of toxicants are measured at the individual level but protection goals are often aimed at the population level or higher. However, one drawback of IBMs is that they require significant effort and data to design for each species. A solution would be to develop IBMs for chemical risk assessment th...
The present study investigates the possible regulatory role of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) in mitigating oxidative stress in wheat seedlings exposed to arsenic (As). Seedlings were treated with NO donor (0.25 mM sodium nitroprusside, SNP) and As (0.25 and 0.5 mM Na(2)HAsO(4)·7H(2)O) separately and/or in combination and grown for 72 h. Relative water content (RWC) and chlorophyll (chl) content were decreased by As treatment but proline (Pro) content was increased. The ascorbate (AsA) content was decrease...
Imposex effects on the veined rapa whelk (Rapana venosa) in Bohai Bay, China.
Environmentally relevant concentrations of organotin compounds (OTs) may trigger sex changes in marine invertebrates and pose a threat to the marine ecosystem. In this study, we investigated organotin levels and the biological responses of wild veined rapa whelk (Rapana venosa) from Lüjuhe district (LJH), Dashentang district (DST), and Nanpaihe district (NPH) in Bohai Bay, China. We found that 11.11 and 22.95 % of the veined rapa whelks from DST and NPH exhibited imposex characteristics with a relative pe...
The accumulation of metal (Co, Cr, Cu, Mn and Zn) in freshwater Ulva (Chlorophyta) and its habitat.
The possibility of using freshwater Ulva (Chlorophyta) as a bioaccumulator of metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Mn and Zn) in lake and river water was examined weekly in the summer of 2010 in three types of samples: the water, the sediment and the thalli of Ulva. Samples of freshwater Ulva were collected from two aqueous ecosystems lie 250 km away from the basin of the Baltic Sea and 53 km from each other. A flow lake located in the centre of the big city was the first water reservoir (ten sites) and second, the suburb...
