PubMed Journal Database | Emerging infectious diseases 
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Showing PubMed Articles 1–25 of 246 from Emerging infectious diseases
Enterovirus 71-associated Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease, Southern Vietnam, 2011.
We prospectively studied 3,791 children hospitalized during 2011 during a large outbreak of enterovirus 71-associated hand, foot, and mouth disease in Vietnam. Formal assessment of public health interventions, use of intravenous immunoglobulin and other therapies, and factors predisposing for progression of disease is needed to improve clinical management.
Epidemiology of foodborne norovirus outbreaks, United States, 2001-2008.
Noroviruses are the leading cause of foodborne illness in the United States. To better guide interventions, we analyzed 2,922 foodborne disease outbreaks for which norovirus was the suspected or confirmed cause, which had been reported to the Foodborne Disease Outbreak Surveillance System of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during 2001-2008. On average, 365 foodborne norovirus outbreaks were reported annually, resulting in an estimated 10,324 illnesses, 1,247 health care provider visits, 156 h...
Visceral leishmaniasis in rural bihar, India.
To identify factors associated with incidence of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), we surveyed 13,416 households in Bihar State, India. VL was associated with socioeconomic status, type of housing, and belonging to the Musahar caste. Annual coverage of indoor residual insecticide spraying was 12%. Increasing such spraying can greatly contribute to VL control.
Attributing Cause of Death for Patients with Clostridium difficile Infection.
TO THE EDITOR: Hota et al. report that for deceased patients who had Clostridium difficile infection (CDI), agreement is poor between causes of death reported on death certificates and those categorized by a review panel (1). Our data support the difficulty of attributing cause of death for patients with CDI.
Characterization of Mycobacterium orygis.
TO THE EDITOR: In a recently published study, van Ingen et al. (1) described the molecular characterization and phylogenetic position of the oryx bacillus, a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, and proposed a long overdue name for the organism: Mycobacterium orygis. The authors described oryx bacillus as a separate taxon; the aim was for this description to be used in the future to identify the subspecies. Thus, we thought it pertinent to provide additional information that would be useful in...
Constant transmission properties of variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease in 5 countries.
Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) has been reported in 12 countries. We hypothesized that a common strain of agent is responsible for all vCJD cases, regardless of geographic origin. To test this hypothesis, we inoculated strain-typing panels of wild-type mice with brain material from human vCJD case-patients from France, the Netherlands, Italy, and the United States. Mice were assessed for clinical disease, neuropathologic changes, and glycoform profile; results were compared with those for 2 refere...
Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 Virus in Pigs, Réunion Island.
During 2009, pandemic influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus affected humans on Réunion Island. Since then, the virus has sustained circulation among local swine herds, raising concerns about the potential for genetic evolution of the virus and possible retransmission back to humans of variants with increased virulence. Continuous surveillance of A(H1N1)pdm09 infection in pigs is recommended.
Data are limited regarding 2 new human polyomaviruses, KI polyomavirus (KIPyV) and WU polyomavirus (WUPyV), in immunocompromised patients. We used real-time PCR to test for these and 12 respiratory viruses in 2,732 nasal wash samples collected during the first year after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation from 222 patients. Specimens were collected weekly until day 100; then at least every 3 months. One year after hematopoietic cell transplantation, the cumulative incidence estimate was 26% for K...
Epsilonproteobacteria in humans, new zealand.
TO THE EDITOR: Cornelius et al. (1) addressed the potential of Campylobacter ureolyticus as an emerging pathogen by conducting a molecular study on 128 diarrheal specimens and 49 fecal samples from healthy volunteers. Reporting the identification of C. ureolyticus in 12 (24.5%) of 49 healthy volunteers, a number that they compared with our finding of 349 (23.8%) from Campylobacter spp.-positive samples (2), the authors concluded that C. ureolyticus species "are unlikely causes of diarrhea," an assertion wit...
Powassan virus encephalitis, Minnesota, USA.
Powassan virus (POWV) is a rare tick-borne agent of encephalitis in North America. Historically, confirmed cases occurred mainly in the northeastern United States. Since 2008, confirmed cases in Minnesota and Wisconsin have increased. We report a fatal case of POWV encephalitis in Minnesota. POWV infection should be suspected in tick-exposed patients with viral encephalitis.
Wild Birds and Urban Ecology of Ticks and Tick-borne Pathogens, Chicago, Illinois, USA, 2005-2010.
Bird-facilitated introduction of ticks and associated pathogens is postulated to promote invasion of tick-borne zoonotic diseases into urban areas. Results of a longitudinal study conducted in suburban Chicago, Illinois, USA, during 2005-2010 show that 1.6% of 6,180 wild birds captured in mist nets harbored ticks. Tick species in order of abundance were Haemaphysalis leporispalustris, Ixodes dentatus, and I. scapularis, but 2 neotropical tick species of the genus Amblyomma were sampled during the spring mig...
Influenza virus infection in nonhuman primates.
To determine whether nonhuman primates are infected with influenza viruses in nature, we conducted serologic and swab studies among macaques from several parts of the world. Our detection of influenza virus and antibodies to influenza virus raises questions about the role of nonhuman primates in the ecology of influenza.
Spread of Influenza Virus A (H5N1) Clade 2.3.2.1 to Bulgaria in Common Buzzards.
On March 15, 2010, a highly pathogenic avian influenza virus was isolated from the carcass of a common buzzard (Buteo buteo) in Bulgaria. Phylogenetic analyses of the virus showed a close genetic relationship with influenza virus A (H5N1) clade 2.3.2.1 viruses isolated from wild birds in the Tyva Republic and Mongolia during 2009-2010. Designated A/common buzzard/Bulgaria/38WB/2010, this strain was highly pathogenic in chickens but had low pathogenicity in mice and ferrets and no molecular markers of increa...
Human polyomaviruses in children undergoing transplantation, United States, 2008-2010.
Immunocompromised patients are at risk for disease caused by infection by some polyomaviruses. To define the prevalence of polyomaviruses in children undergoing transplantation, we collected samples from a longitudinal cohort and tested for the 9 known human polyomaviruses. All were detected; several were present in previously unreported specimen types.
Preventing Maritime Transfer of Toxigenic Vibrio cholerae.
Organisms, including Vibrio cholerae, can be transferred between harbors in the ballast water of ships. Zones in the Caribbean region where distance from shore and water depth meet International Maritime Organization guidelines for ballast water exchange are extremely limited. Use of ballast water treatment systems could mitigate the risk for organism transfer.
Dengue outbreaks in high-income area, kaohsiung city, taiwan, 2003-2009.
Kaohsiung City, a modern metropolis of 1.5 million persons, has been the focus of dengue virus activity in Taiwan for several decades. The aim of this study was to provide a temporal and spatial description of dengue virus epidemiology in Kaohsiung City by using data for all laboratory-confirmed dengue cases during 2003-2009. We investigated age- and sex-dependent incidence rates and the spatiotemporal patterns of all cases confirmed through passive or active surveillance. Elderly persons were at particular...
Trypanososma brucei rhodesiense Sleeping Sickness, Uganda.
TO THE EDITOR: The past 2 decades have heralded notable success in efforts to control sleeping sickness (human African trypanosomiasis [HAT]) in Africa. HAT is a neglected tropical disease with major public health and economic effects in sub-Saharan Africa, and its effects on livestock productivity and development are considered major constraints to alleviating poverty in this region (1,2). Because of concerted and coordinated continental control efforts, its incidence has steadily decreased.
Nontuberculous mycobacteria in household plumbing as possible cause of chronic rhinosinusitis.
Symptoms of chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) often persist despite treatment. Because nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are resistant to commonly used antimicrobial drugs and are found in drinking water that patients may use for sinus irrigation, we investigated whether some CRS patients were infected with NTM in New York, New York, USA, during 2001-2011. Two approaches were chosen: 1) records of NTM-infected CRS patients were reviewed to identify common features of infection and Mycobacterium species; 2) sampl...
Rickettsia felis in Aedes albopictus Mosquitoes, Libreville, Gabon.
TO THE EDITOR: Rickettsia felis, an emerging pathogen first identified in the cat flea (1), has been detected in other fleas, ticks, mites, and booklice (2). R. felis can be cultured in mosquito cell lines derived from Anopheles gambiae and Aedes albopictus (Asian tiger) mosquitoes (2), so its compatibility with mosquitoes in nature can be suspected. In sub-Saharan Africa, R. felis bacteremia in humans is common¸ especially during the rainy season, when mosquitoes proliferate. We tested anthropophilic mosq...
Autochthonous and Dormant Cryptococcus gattii Infections in Europe.
Until recently, Cryptococcus gattii infections occurred mainly in tropical and subtropical climate zones. However, during the past decade, C. gattii infections in humans and animals in Europe have increased. To determine whether the infections in Europe were acquired from an autochthonous source or associated with travel, we used multilocus sequence typing to compare 100 isolates from Europe (57 from 40 human patients, 22 from the environment, and 21 from animals) with 191 isolates from around the world. Of...
Bartonella spp. Infection Rate and B. grahamii in Ticks.
TO THE EDITOR: Bacteria of the genus Bartonella are transmitted by arthropods and are often implicated in human disease. Even though ticks are known to transmit a variety of pathogens, vector competences for transmission of Bartonella spp. by ticks were speculative (1) until recently, when in vivo transmission of B. birtlesii by Ixodes ricinus ticks was demonstrated in mice (2). This finding suggests that this tick species, which is common in Europe, may also transmit zoonotic Bartonella spp. Evidence of po...
Echinococcus multilocularis in Urban Coyotes, Alberta, Canada.
Echinococcus multilocularis is a zoonotic parasite in wild canids. We determined its frequency in urban coyotes (Canis latrans) in Alberta, Canada. We detected E. multilocularis in 23 of 91 coyotes in this region. This parasite is a public health concern throughout the Northern Hemisphere, partly because of increased urbanization of wild canids.
Human parvovirus 4 viremia in young children, ghana.
TO THE EDITOR: Establishment of viremia is a characteristic feature of infection with human parvovirus 4 (PARV4). In northern Europe, PARV4 (human partetravirus) is primarily transmitted by blood-borne routes (1,2). In other areas (southern Europe, western Africa, South Africa, Asia) infection seems to be more widespread, suggesting alternative modes of virus acquisition (3-6).
Orthobunyavirus antibodies in humans, yucatan peninsula, Mexico.
We performed a serologic investigation to determine whether orthobunyaviruses commonly infect humans in the Yucatan Peninsula of Mexico. Orthobunyavirus-specific antibodies were detected by plaque reduction neutralization test in 146 (18%) of 823 persons tested. Further studies are needed to determine health risks for humans from this potentially deadly group of viruses.
Tetanus as Cause of Mass Die-off of Captive Japanese Macaques, Japan, 2008.
In 2008 in Japan, 15/60 captive Japanese macaques died. Clostridium tetani was isolated from 1 monkey, and 11 had tetanus-specific symptoms. We conclude the outbreak resulted from severe environmental C. tetani contamination. Similar outbreaks could be prevented by vaccinating all monkeys, disinfecting housing areas/play equipment, replacing highly C. tetani-contaminated soil, and conducting epidemiologic surveys.
