PubMed Journals Articles About "Orchid Cellmark" 
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Showing "Orchid Cellmark" PubMed Articles 1–25 of 38
Abstract Most orchid species rely on mycorrhizae to complete their life cycle. Despite a growing body of literature identifying orchid mycorrhizal associations, the nature and specificity of the association between orchid species and mycorrhizal fungi remains largely an open question. Nonetheless, better insights into these obligate plant-fungus associations are indispensable for understanding the biology and conservation of orchid populations. To investigate orchid mycorrhizal associations in five species...
Discovery of tetrasubstituted pyrazines as semiochemicals in a sexually deceptive orchid.
Sexually deceptive orchids employ mimicry of insect sex pheromones to exploit a diverse group of pollinators. The chemical structures of five semiochemicals (1-3, 7, 8) produced by populations of the warty hammer orchid, Drakaea livida, pollinated by a thynnine wasp in the genus Catocheilus were elucidated. With the exception of (2,5-dimethylpyrazin-3-yl)methyl 3-methylbutanoate (7), all active compounds were tetrasubstituted pyrazines, including hydroxymethyl (1) and ester (2 and 3) trimethylpyrazine deriv...
Endophytic bacteria isolated from orchid and their potential to promote plant growth.
Twelve endophytic bacteria were isolated from the meristem of in vitro Cymbidium eburneum orchid, and screened according to indole yield quantified by colorimetric assay, in vitro phosphate solubilization, and potential for plant growth promotion under greenhouse conditions. Eight strains with positive results were classified into the genus Paenibacillus by FAME profile, and evaluated for their ability to increase survival and promote the growth of in vitro germinated Cattleya loddigesii seedlings during th...
Flower colour adaptation in a mimetic orchid.
Although the tremendous variability in floral colour among angiosperms is often attributed to divergent selection by pollinators, it is usually difficult to preclude the possibility that floral colour shifts were driven by non-pollinator processes. Here, we examine the adaptive significance of flower colour in Disa ferruginea, a non-rewarding orchid that is thought to attract its butterfly pollinator by mimicking the flowers of sympatric nectar-producing species. Disa ferruginea has red flowers in the weste...
The ectopic expression of FOREVER YOUNG FLOWER (FYF), a MADS box gene in Arabidopsis, caused significant delay of senescence and a deficiency of abscission in flowers of transgenic Arabidopsis. It was proposed that the function of the FYF gene was related to the regulation of senescence and abscission. This hypothesis was further supported by one line of evidence reported in this study. The evidence is the similar delay of flower senescence and abscission observed in transgenic Arabidopsis ectopically expre...
The Mediterranean orchid genus Ophrys is remarkable for its pseudocopulatory pollination mechanism; naïve male pollinators are attracted to the flowers by olfactory, visual and tactile cues. The most striking visual cue is a highly reflective, blue speculum region at the centre of the labellum, which mimics the corresponding female insect and reaches its strongest development in the mirror orchid, O. speculum. We explored the structure and properties of the much-discussed speculum by scanning and transmis...
Background and Aims To date, current research involving pollen viability has been evaluated in a relatively low number of orchid species. In the present study, we focused on five related Mediterranean orchid genera (Anacamptis, Orchis, Dactylorhiza, Ophrys and Serapias) that are characterized by different types of deceptive pollination. Methods The in vitro germination ability of increasingly aged pollinaria of eight food-, seven sexually and two shelter-deceptive species was evaluated. Pollination experime...
Orchidaceae is one of the largest families of flowering plants. Many species of orchid are endangered, and all species are included in Conventions on International Trade of Endangered Species of Fauna and Flora (CITES) I and II, but it is very difficult to identify orchid species, even those with fertile parts. The genus Holcoglossum (Orchidaceae: Aeridinae) has long been problematic in taxonomy. It consists of both long-evolved and radiated species and is an excellent case to use for testing DNA barcodes f...
An overview of the Phalaenopsis orchid genome through BAC end sequence analysis.
ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Phalaenopsis orchids are popular floral crops, and development of new cultivars is economically important to floricultural industries worldwide. Analysis of orchid genes could facilitate orchid improvement. Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) end sequences (BESs) can provide the first glimpses into the sequence composition of a novel genome and can yield molecular markers for use in genetic mapping and breeding. RESULTS: We used two BAC libraries (constructed using the BamHI and Hind...
Most insects are dependent on chemical communication for activities such as mate finding or host location. Several plants, and especially orchids, mimic insect semiochemicals to attract insects for unrewarded pollination. Here, we present a new case of pheromone mimicry found in the terrestrial orchid Epipactis veratrifolia. Flowers are visited and pollinated by several species of aphidophagous hoverflies, the females of which also often lay eggs in the flowers. The oviposition behaviour of these hoverflies...
Male neotropical orchid bees (Euglossini) collect volatile chemicals from their environment, store them in tibial pouches, and later expose their "perfumes" during a courtship display. Here, we showed that enantiomeric selectivity plays an important role in the choice of volatiles by male Euglossa cyanura in southern Mexico, and that behavioral selectivity is linked to antennal sensitivity. In field bioassays with equal concentrations of (+)-ipsdienol, (-)-ipsdienol, and racemate, males preferred the (-)-is...
Abstract In Mexican traditional medicine the orchid Prosthechea michuacana is highly valued as a food and in the treatment of various human diseases, including drug-related renal disease. Methanol, hexane, and chloroform extracts of bulbs of P. michuacana were studied in the cisplatin-induced renal injury model in rats. Results showed that treatment with cisplatin induced significant elevations in concentrations of blood urea and serum creatinine and in lipid peroxidation. Treatments with methanolic extract...
Somatic embryogenesis is crucial for the propagation of endangered Ecuadorian orchid species, among them Cyrtochilum loxense, in view of the fact that their number in nature or in collections is quite reduced. One of the genes expressed during somatic and zygotic embryogenesis is Somatic Embryogenesis Receptor-like Kinase (SERK). Despite the development of somatic embryogenesis protocols for orchids, no SERK genes have been isolated from this family. This is the first report on the isolation of a full-lengt...
A cost of reproduction in terms of reduced future performance underlies all life-history models, yet costs have been difficult to detect in short-term experiments with long-lived plants. The likelihood of detecting costs should depend on the range of variation in reproductive effort that can be induced, and also on the shape of the cost function across this range, which should be affected by resource availability. Here, we experimentally examined the effects of both reduced and increased fruit production in...
Estimating the age of fire in the Cape flora of South Africa from an orchid phylogeny.
Fire may have been a crucial component in the evolution of the Cape flora of South Africa, a region characterized by outstanding levels of species richness and endemism. However, there is, to date, no critical assessment of the age of the modern fire regime in this biome. Here, we exploit the presence of two obligate post-fire flowering clades in the orchid genus Disa, in conjunction with a robust, well-sampled and dated molecular phylogeny, to estimate the age by which fire must have been present. Our resu...
Highest genetic diversity at the northern range limit of the rare orchid Isotria medeoloides.
Populations in previously glaciated regions are often genetically depauperate in comparison with populations at lower latitudes, due either to bottlenecks experienced in post-glacial colonization or to contemporary genetic drift in small, peripheral populations. Populations of the rare self-fertilizing North American orchid Isotria medeoloides are largest in the previously glaciated region near the northern range limit, allowing us to examine the role of historical versus contemporary processes in determini...
Does maternal care evolve through egg recognition or directed territoriality?
The mechanism that facilitates the evolution of maternal care is ambiguous in egg-laying terrestrial vertebrates: does the ability of mothers to recognize their own eggs lead them under some circumstances to begin providing care or can maternal care evolve from simply being in close proximity to the eggs (e.g. through territorial behaviour)? This question is difficult to answer because in most species, parental care is either absent altogether or present; in only a few species we have the opportunity to obs...
A new antibacterial phenanthrenequinone from Dendrobium sinense.
A new phenanthrenequinone, named denbinobin B (1), together with three known phenanthrenes was isolated from the whole plant of Dendrobium sinense T. Tang et F.T. Wang, an endemic and endangered orchid to Hainan Island. The new compound was elucidated using a combination of 1D, 2D NMR (COSY, HMQC, and HMBC) techniques, and HR-ESI-MS analyses. Compound 1 exhibited moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with the diameter of the inhibition zone of 16.5 mm.
Male orchid bees (Euglossini, Apidae, Hymenoptera) expose species-specific blends of volatile chemicals (perfume bouquets) during their courtship display. The perfumes are acquired by collecting fragrant substances from environmental sources, which are then accumulated in specialised hind leg pouches. To balance the perfume composition, the males need to find and collect the required substances in specific relative amounts while facing seasonal, local or habitat-dependent differences in compound availabilit...
The leaves of Toddalia asiatica (L.) Lam. (Rutaceae) are widely used in folk medicine in India to treat various ailments like cough, malaria, indigestion, influenza lung diseases and rheumatism, fever, stomach ailments, cholera and diarrhea. In our earlier communication we have reported the antimicrobial study on the various extracts of the leaves and the isolation and identification of Flindersine, a quinolone alkaloid as the major active principle. In the present study, we report the antibacterial and ant...
An actinomycete strain K07-0460(T) producing new antitrypanosomal antibiotics, spoxazomicins, was isolated from the roots of a variety of orchid collected in the subtropical Okinawa prefecture. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the strain belonged to the genus Streptosporangium and showed high similarities with S. amethystogenes subsp. amethystogenes DSM 43179(T) (99.4%), S. amethystogenes subsp. fukuiense IFO 15365(T) (99.2%) and S. longisporum DSM 43180(T) (98.7%). The DNA-DNA hy...
Asynchronous Diversification in a Specialized Plant-Pollinator Mutualism.
Most flowering plants establish mutualistic associations with insect pollinators to facilitate sexual reproduction. However, the evolutionary processes that gave rise to these associations remain poorly understood. We reconstructed the times of divergence, diversification patterns, and interaction networks of a diverse group of specialized orchids and their bee pollinators. In contrast to a scenario of coevolution by race formation, we show that fragrance-producing orchids originated at least three times in...
Mixotrophy, obtaining carbon by mycoheterotrophy and photosynthesis, has been suggested in Cephalanthera species (Orchidaceae) by analyses on stable isotopes of carbon. In this study, we examined the growth of Cephalanthera falcata in pot cultured tripartite symbioses with Thelephoraceae fungi and Quercus serrata. Mycorrhizal fungi were isolated from roots of C. falcata in natural habitats. Two fungal isolates identified as Thelephoraceae were cultured and inoculated to fine roots of non-mycorrhizal seedlin...
Green analytical methods employing flow analysis with simple natural reagent extracts have been exploited. Various formats of flow based analysis systems including a single line FIA, a simple lab on chip with webcam camera detector, and a newly developed simple lab on chip system with reflective absorption detection and the simple extracts from some available local plants including butterfly pea flower, orchid flower, and beet root were investigated and shown to be useful as alternative self indicator reage...
